Mongolia

Mongolia is a land of wide-open steppes, rugged mountains, and ancient traditions. Most visitors come for the vast wilderness—from the Gobi Desert with its surreal sand dunes to the Altai Mountains with towering peaks and glaciers. Ulaanbaatar, the capital, offers a modern contrast, where you can experience a blend of Soviet-era architecture and a vibrant Mongolian cultural scene. The country’s nomadic lifestyle is still very much alive—many travelers come to stay with local families in gers (yurts), learning about ancient traditions like horseback riding, falconry, and Mongolian throat singing.

Mongolia is affordable, especially for those traveling on a budget. Accommodation ranges from budget guesthouses to traditional ger camps, offering an authentic and unique experience. Food is hearty, with meat-heavy dishes like mutton stew, buuz (steamed dumplings), and khorkhog (meat cooked with hot stones). For those interested in a more Western-style experience, Ulaanbaatar has a variety of international restaurants, though traditional Mongolian food is highly recommended. Western food is available in the capital, but the local dishes are deeply connected to the country’s nomadic heritage.

Getting around Mongolia can be a challenge due to its vast size and underdeveloped infrastructure. Travel by jeep or van is common, and there are several tour operators offering guided expeditions to remote areas. In cities, public transport is available, and taxis are easy to find, but renting a vehicle is the best way to explore the country. The Gobi Desert and the Altai Mountains require some advance planning, as access can be difficult. English is not widely spoken, so learning a few basic phrases in Mongolian or Russian (widely spoken by many locals) can help. Mongolia is a safe country, but it’s best to be cautious in larger cities, where petty crime can occur.

Why Go to Mongolia?

• The Gobi Desert: Explore one of the most extreme landscapes on Earth with its vast sand dunes, ancient fossils, and rare wildlife.
• Nomadic Culture: Stay with local families in gers, experience traditional lifestyles, and learn ancient skills like horseback riding and falconry.
• The Altai Mountains: Majestic peaks and glaciers make this one of the best areas for trekking and remote exploration.
• Ulaanbaatar’s Vibrant Culture: A modern city with a mix of Soviet-era architecture, museums, and vibrant markets.
• Ancient Ruins: Explore historical sites like the ruins of Kharkhorin, once the capital of the Mongol Empire.
• Stunning Landscapes: From grasslands and deserts to mountains and lakes, Mongolia’s natural beauty is unparalleled.
• Unique Wildlife: The country is home to the wild Przewalski’s horse and many other species, making it a top destination for nature lovers.

Mongolia is a landlocked country located in Central Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It is the 18th-largest country in the world, though it has a relatively low population density. Mongolia is known for its vast steppes, deserts, and mountain ranges. The country has a rich cultural heritage shaped by its nomadic traditions, and it is famous for its historical role as the heart of the Mongol Empire, once ruled by Genghis Khan.

Mongolia’s geography is dominated by vast, treeless steppes, the Gobi Desert, and the Altai Mountains in the west. The country has a continental climate, characterized by cold winters and hot summers, and is one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world. The Gobi Desert in the south is a dry, arid region with dramatic landscapes, while the steppe in the north is covered with grasslands, perfect for nomadic herding. Mongolia also has areas of mountain ranges, especially in the west, where the Altai Mountains and Khövsgöl Lake are located.

Tourism in Mongolia revolves around adventure tourism, exploring its wide-open spaces, nomadic culture, and historical sites. The country offers a unique experience, from horseback riding in the steppe to exploring the Gobi Desert and experiencing traditional Mongolian festivals.

Most international travelers arrive at Chinggis Khaan International Airport in Ulaanbaatar, the capital. The city is well-connected with direct flights from major international hubs like Beijing, Seoul, and Moscow. Overland travel is possible from Russia and China, though borders with other countries are often remote and difficult to navigate. Domestic travel is usually done by bus, train, and air, with flights connecting Ulaanbaatar to major regional destinations.

Map Links: Google Maps | Apple Maps
Coordinates (for GPS): 46°51‘44.99”N, 103°50‘47.96”E

Ulaanbaatar and Central Mongolia

Ulaanbaatar, the capital, is the heart of Mongolia’s cultural, economic, and political life. It offers a mix of modern infrastructure and traditional Mongolian culture, with access to historical landmarks and nomadic traditions.

• ulaanbaatar – The capital and largest city, known for its growing skyline, museums, and Genghis Khan statue.
• gorkhi-terelj-national-park – A popular spot near Ulaanbaatar for trekking, camping, and eagle hunting.
• tsonjin-boldog – The site of the Genghis Khan Equestrian Statue, one of the largest horse statues in the world.
• khustai-national-park – Famous for its wild Przewalski horses and mountain landscapes.
• zaisan-memorial – A hilltop memorial offering a panoramic view of Ulaanbaatar.

Western Mongolia

Western Mongolia is known for its mountainous landscapes, remote areas, and ethnically diverse groups. The region is also famous for its eagle hunters and ethnic Kazakh culture.

• altai-tavan-bogd-national-park – A UNESCO Biosphere Reserve known for mountains, glaciers, and altitude trekking.
• khovd – A small city surrounded by mountain ranges, known for its Kazakh heritage and traditional festivals.
• olgii – The capital of Bayan-Ölgii Province, home to many of Mongolia’s Kazakh people, and known for eagle hunting.
• khovsgol-lake – A remote, beautiful freshwater lake known for hiking, boating, and wildlife spotting.
• ulgii – Famous for its eagle hunting traditions and Kazakh culture.

Eastern Mongolia

Eastern Mongolia is home to vast steppe regions, wildlife reserves, and historical sites, including Mongolia’s first Buddhist monasteries.

• dornod – A vast steppe region famous for its wildlife and ancient Mongolian ruins.
• buir-lake – A large lake on the border with Russia and China, popular for birdwatching and fishing.
• chinggis-khans-birthplace – The site of the historical birthplace of Genghis Khan, located near the town of Khentii.
• sumber – Known for scenic landscapes and historical sites, including Buddhist ruins.
• hentii-mountains – A region rich in wildlife and Buddhist monasteries, ideal for trekking and adventure travel.

Gobi Desert

The Gobi Desert in southern Mongolia is one of the most famous regions, known for its breathtaking landscapes, camel trekking, and fossil discoveries.

• khongoryn-els – A massive sand dune in the Gobi Desert, known for its golden sand dunes and camel trekking.
• bayan-zag – Famous for its dinosaur fossils and the flaming cliffs where they were discovered.
• yolyn-am – A frozen gorge in the Gobi Gurvansaikhan National Park, perfect for hiking and wildlife spotting.
• dalandzadgad – The capital of Umnugovi province, serving as a gateway to the Gobi Desert and its historical sites.
• ongi-monastery – A ruined Buddhist monastery in the Gobi, known for its scenic location and historical significance.

Northern Mongolia

Northern Mongolia offers forests, lakes, and indigenous culture, as well as access to Mongolia’s wilder regions.

• murun – The capital of Khövsgöl Province, known for its mountainous surroundings and access to Khovsgol Lake.
• khuvsgul-lake – A stunning, large freshwater lake surrounded by forest-covered mountains, ideal for hiking and kayaking.
• erdenet – Known for its copper mining industry and proximity to Khövsgöl Lake.
• zuunmod – A small town near Ulaanbaatar, known for its proximity to historical sites.
• selenge – Famous for its river valley and rural landscapes, often visited by those seeking a quiet retreat.

Start in ulaanbaatar, the country’s capital, where the pulse of modern life mixes with historic sites. Visit the gandan-monastery, one of the largest Buddhist monasteries in Mongolia, and explore sukhbaatar-square, the heart of the city. The national-museum-of-mongolia offers a glimpse into the country’s fascinating history, and zaisan-hill provides panoramic views of Ulaanbaatar and the surrounding mountains.

For a truly unique experience, head into the gobi-desert, one of the world’s most remote and striking landscapes. The khongoryn-els, also known as the “Singing Dunes,” is a must-see, where the wind causes the sand to hum like music. The flaming-cliffs in bayanzag are famous for their rich fossil deposits and breathtaking red sandstone formations.

The karakoram, once the capital of the mongol-empire, is another historical gem. Here, you can visit the erdene-zuu-monastery, the first and largest Buddhist monastery in Mongolia, founded in the 16th century. The karakoram-museum showcases the legacy of Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire.

For nature lovers, the terelj-national-park, located just outside of Ulaanbaatar, offers hiking, camping, and the iconic turtle-rock, a unique granite formation. The park is also home to the gorkhi-terelj-national-park, where you can experience traditional nomadic culture by staying in a ger (yurt) and enjoying horseback riding across the expansive steppes.

In the north, lake-khovsgol is often referred to as the “Blue Pearl” of Mongolia. The crystal-clear waters, surrounded by snow-capped mountains, provide opportunities for hiking, kayaking, and observing wildlife like ibex and marmots. The nearby khovsgol-national-park is known for its remote wilderness and serene landscapes.

The altai-mountains in the west are another adventure hotspot, offering rugged terrain, glacial lakes, and the chance to experience traditional eagle hunting with the Kazakh people. The tavan-bogd-national-park is home to the highest peak in Mongolia, tavan-bogd, and is a paradise for trekkers.

Highlights

• ulaanbaatar – Mongolia’s capital, where modern life and ancient traditions coexist.
• gobi-desert – A vast, remote desert with iconic dunes, fossils, and incredible landscapes.
• karakoram – The ancient capital of the Mongol Empire, rich in history and cultural landmarks.
• lake-khovsgol – A serene, crystal-clear lake surrounded by mountains and pristine wilderness.
• terelj-national-park – A stunning national park known for hiking, camping, and nomadic culture.

Top Cities & Towns

• ulaanbaatar – The cultural and political heart of Mongolia.
• karakoram – The historic capital of the Mongol Empire and a UNESCO World Heritage site.
• erdene-zuu – A small town near Karakoram, home to the impressive erdene-zuu-monastery.
• dalanzadgad – A gateway to the Gobi Desert, known for its proximity to the Flaming Cliffs.
• moron – A peaceful town located near Lake Khovsgol, perfect for exploring the surrounding wilderness.

Natural Wonders & Outdoor Adventures

• gobi-desert – Famous for its vast, golden sand dunes, fossils, and dramatic landscapes.
• lake-khovsgol – A stunning, remote lake perfect for outdoor activities like hiking and kayaking.
• khongoryn-els – The “Singing Dunes” of the Gobi Desert, a mesmerizing natural phenomenon.
• tavan-bogd-national-park – A rugged, remote park in the Altai Mountains, ideal for trekking and wildlife viewing.
• terelj-national-park – A stunning park near Ulaanbaatar, known for its rocky formations and nomadic culture.

National Parks & Nature Reserves

• gorkhi-terelj-national-park – A national park near Ulaanbaatar with scenic views and traditional nomadic culture.
• khovsgol-national-park – A pristine wilderness area surrounding the stunning Lake Khovsgol.
• tavan-bogd-national-park – A remote park in the Altai Mountains, known for its rugged terrain and wildlife.
• khan-khentii-strictly-protected-area – A large nature reserve in eastern Mongolia, home to forests, mountains, and historical sites.

World Heritage

• orkhon-valley-cultural-landscape – A UNESCO-listed site, home to the ruins of ancient cities and the birthplace of the Mongol Empire.
• ulaanbaatar – A modern city with deep historical roots, offering a gateway to Mongolian culture.

Mongolia has an extreme continental climate with long, harsh winters and short, warm summers. Winters (November–March) are brutally cold, especially in the north, while summers (June–August) are warm and dry. Spring and autumn are short and unpredictable, with sudden temperature swings and strong winds. The best time to visit is from June to September, when temperatures are comfortable, and the vast landscapes are at their most accessible.

High Season: June–August
Shoulder Season: May, September–October
Low Season: November–April

High Season: From June to August, Mongolia experiences its warmest weather, with temperatures ranging from 20–30°C (68–86°F). This is the best time to explore the vast steppe, visit the Gobi Desert, or experience the Naadam Festival in July, celebrating Mongolia’s traditional culture with wrestling, horse racing, and archery. The summer months are also ideal for trekking, camping, and exploring nomadic life. However, this is peak tourist season, so expect higher prices and more visitors.

Shoulder Season: May and September–October offer mild weather and fewer tourists. May is the start of the tourist season, with the landscape turning green and flowers blooming. September and October bring crisp air and the stunning golden colors of autumn. These months are perfect for hiking and sightseeing without the crowds, but some areas, especially the Gobi Desert, can start to cool down quickly in the evenings.

Low Season: From November to April, Mongolia experiences very cold winters, with temperatures often dropping below -20°C (-4°F), especially in the Gobi Desert and northern regions. Snow and ice make some roads impassable, and travel in rural areas can be difficult. However, this is the best time for winter activities like dog sledding and seeing the frozen lakes in the far north. This is also the least busy time, with fewer tourists and lower prices for accommodations.

Mongolia Month by Month

January: Extremely cold, dry. -40 to 10°F (-40 to -12°C). Ulaanbaatar is one of the coldest capitals in the world. Few visitors except for winter adventure seekers.

February: Bitterly cold, dry. -35 to 15°F (-37 to -9°C). Similar to January, but daylight hours start increasing. Ice and winter festivals begin.

March: Very cold, windy. -25 to 25°F (-32 to -4°C). Spring begins, but dust storms are common, and temperatures remain low.

April: Chilly, windy, warming up. 10-45°F (-12 to 7°C). Snow starts melting, but strong winds persist. Some rural roads become muddy.

May: Cool, dry, occasional winds. 25-65°F (-4 to 18°C). The start of travel season, with landscapes turning green. Nomadic festivals begin.

June: Warm, dry. 40-75°F (4-24°C). One of the best months for travel. Nomadic life is in full swing, and the steppes are lush.

July: Warm, mostly dry. 50-80°F (10-27°C). Peak travel season. Naadam Festival takes place. The Gobi Desert remains hot but bearable.

August: Warm, occasional rain. 45-75°F (7-24°C). Still great for travel, with some rain in northern regions. Tourism starts slowing.

September: Cool, dry. 35-65°F (2-18°C). Autumn colors appear, and temperatures drop. A good month for hiking and photography.

October: Cold, dry. 15-45°F (-9 to 7°C). The travel season ends as winter sets in. Fewer tourists.

November: Very cold, dry. -10 to 30°F (-23 to -1°C). Winter returns, and rural travel becomes difficult. Low tourist numbers.

December: Bitterly cold, dry. -30 to 15°F (-34 to -9°C). Only the most adventurous travelers visit. Winter festivals begin.

Festivals & Events

Tsagaan Sar (Lunar New Year): (January/February, varies) – Mongolia’s most important holiday, celebrated with feasts and family gatherings.

Ice Festival: (March) – Held on Lake Khuvsgul, featuring ice sculptures, horse sledding, and traditional games.

Eagle Festival: (March & October) – A showcase of Kazakh eagle hunting traditions in Bayan-Ölgii.

Naadam Festival: (July 11-13) – The largest festival, featuring the “Three Manly Games”—wrestling, horse racing, and archery.

Yak Festival: (July) – Celebrates the yak with races and traditional competitions in central Mongolia.

Golden Eagle Festival: (October) – Another major eagle-hunting event, held in western Mongolia.

Camel Festival: (March) – A cultural event in the Gobi Desert celebrating the Bactrian camel with races and parades.

The country’s long history, including the legacy of Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire, shapes its culture and attractions.

• Scuba Diving: Not a traditional destination for diving, but there are opportunities in Lake Khövsgöl, a pristine freshwater lake.
• Motorcycle Touring: Epic routes across the steppe, through the Gobi Desert, and around Mongolia’s vast, rugged terrain.
• Nightlife & Partying: Limited to Ulaanbaatar, with a handful of clubs and bars, but nightlife is modest compared to other countries.
• Rock Climbing: Some good rock climbing in the Gobi Desert and the mountains around Ulaanbaatar, including the Altai Range.
• Bicycle Touring: Great for adventurous cyclists, especially on the Mongolian Steppe or along the shores of Lake Khövsgöl.
• Golfing: Not a major attraction in Mongolia, but a few courses exist in Ulaanbaatar.
• Shopping: Markets in Ulaanbaatar offer traditional crafts, woolen goods, and locally made clothing.
• Trekking: Excellent trekking opportunities in the Altai Mountains, Gobi Desert, and around Lake Khövsgöl.
• Mountain Biking: Great terrain for mountain biking, especially around the Khentii Mountains and the Orkhon Valley.
• White Water Rafting: Some thrilling rafting experiences along the rivers in the Selenge and Orkhon Valleys.
• Wind Surfing: Limited in Mongolia, but potential at Lake Khövsgöl in the summer months.

Cultural Experiences

Mongolia’s culture is deeply tied to its nomadic roots, Buddhist heritage, and the legacy of Genghis Khan.

• Visiting the Gandan Monastery in Ulaanbaatar: One of the largest and most important Buddhist monasteries in Mongolia, with impressive statues and a peaceful atmosphere.
• Experiencing the Naadam Festival: Held every July, this festival celebrates the “three manly games” of wrestling, archery, and horse racing, showcasing Mongolia’s nomadic heritage.
• Exploring the Gobi Desert: Visit the ancient Buddhist temples and fossils, and experience the traditional life of nomadic herders in one of the harshest climates on Earth.
• Staying in a Ger (Yurt): Spend a night or more with nomadic families in a traditional Mongolian ger, an essential cultural experience.
• Touring the Erdene Zuu Monastery in Kharkhorin: One of Mongolia’s oldest monasteries, built in the 16th century, located near the ancient capital of the Mongol Empire.

Natural Experiences

Mongolia’s landscapes are diverse, ranging from vast grasslands and deserts to alpine mountains and pristine lakes.

• Trekking in the Altai Mountains: A range of dramatic peaks that provide some of the most spectacular trekking and mountaineering opportunities in the country.
• Exploring Lake Khövsgöl: Known as the “Blue Pearl of Mongolia,” this pristine freshwater lake is ideal for hiking, kayaking, and enjoying breathtaking scenery.
• Hiking through the Gobi Desert: Explore the stark beauty of the desert, with its sand dunes, canyons, and unique geological formations.
• Visiting the Orkhon Valley: A UNESCO World Heritage site known for its stunning landscapes, waterfalls, and ancient archaeological sites.
• Wildlife Watching in Mongolia’s National Parks: See wild horses, Bactrian camels, ibex, and snow leopards in places like Hustai National Park and the Gobi Gurvan Saikhan National Park.

Urban Experiences

Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia’s capital, is where modern life meets tradition. The city offers a taste of urban culture, surrounded by the beauty of Mongolia’s wilderness.

• Walking Around Sukhbaatar Square in Ulaanbaatar: The central square features a statue of Genghis Khan and is surrounded by important government buildings and cultural landmarks.
• Visiting the National Museum of Mongolia: A great way to learn about Mongolia’s history, from the prehistoric age to Genghis Khan’s empire and modern times.
• Exploring the Zanabazar Museum of Fine Arts: Home to traditional Mongolian art, including Buddhist sculptures and religious art.
• Shopping in Ulaanbaatar’s Naran Tuul Market: One of the largest markets in Mongolia, offering everything from traditional clothing to fresh produce.
• Dining on Traditional Mongolian Cuisine: Try dishes like mutton, buuz (dumplings), and khuushuur (fried pastry) in local eateries.

Unique Experiences

Mongolia’s mix of nomadic traditions, rich history, and diverse landscapes creates unique experiences that are hard to find elsewhere.

• Horseback Riding Through the Steppe: Experience Mongolia like a true nomad by riding across the vast steppe on horseback, just as generations of Mongols have done.
• Visiting the Khustain Nuruu National Park: This park is home to the Przewalski’s horse, the last truly wild horse species, and is a fascinating spot for wildlife enthusiasts.
• Exploring the Flaming Cliffs in the Gobi Desert: Famous for their fossils, particularly dinosaur eggs and bones, these cliffs offer one of the most unique natural sights in Mongolia.
• Spending Time with Mongolian Nomads: Stay with local herders, learn about their traditional lifestyle, and experience Mongolia’s pastoral culture firsthand.
• Visiting the Orkhon Waterfall: A stunning waterfall located in a scenic valley, surrounded by cliffs and beautiful scenery, offering great photo opportunities.

Weird and Wonderful

Mongolia offers some unique and quirky experiences that add to the country’s charm.

• Exploring the Singing Sand Dunes of Khongoryn Els: The dunes create a mysterious sound when the wind blows, earning them the nickname “singing dunes.”
• Visiting the Museum of Natural History in Ulaanbaatar: Home to a collection of dinosaur fossils, including some of the most important finds from the Gobi Desert.
• Seeing the “Cemetery of Lost Horses” in the Gobi Desert: A surreal and remote location where thousands of wild horses have mysteriously died, adding to the desert’s eerie allure.
• Watching the Tengerism Rituals: Discover Mongolia’s ancient pre-Buddhist religion, where sky worship, shamanism, and rituals are practiced by some remote Mongol tribes.
• Climbing the Tövkhön Monastery’s Sacred Mountains: A spiritual site with incredible views, where visitors can climb the mountains that are home to Buddhist shrines and sacred temples.

Flying into Ulaanbaatar (UBN) is the easiest and most common way to enter Mongolia. Overland travel from Russia, China, and Kazakhstan is possible, but it can be challenging due to remote areas and difficult road conditions. Trains from Russia and China are reliable, but buses and driving require extra preparation.

Mongolia is accessible by air and land, with international flights primarily from Russia, China, and Kazakhstan, and overland routes from neighboring countries. There are no international passenger trains, but buses and cars can travel between Mongolia and its neighbors.

For most travelers, flying into Ulaanbaatar is the easiest option. Overland travel from China, Russia, and Kazakhstan is possible, but it can be challenging due to the remote nature of the country.

Entry Requirements for Mongolia

Mongolia’s entry requirements vary based on travelers’ nationalities, length of stay, and purpose of visit. Citizens from several countries, including the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand, may enter Mongolia without a visa for tourism purposes for stays up to 30 days. It’s essential to ensure your passport is valid for at least six months beyond your intended stay and contains sufficient blank pages for entry and exit stamps.

• Citizens of the United States: U.S. passport holders can enter Mongolia without a visa for stays up to 90 days. Ensure your passport is valid for at least six months beyond your arrival date. Overstaying can result in fines, detention, or deportation. oai_citation_attribution:0‡en.consul.mn

• Citizens of Canada: Canadian citizens can enter Mongolia without a visa for stays up to 30 days. Ensure your passport meets the six-month validity requirement. Overstaying is subject to penalties. oai_citation_attribution:1‡en.consul.mn

• Citizens of the United Kingdom: UK passport holders are permitted visa-free entry into Mongolia for up to 30 days for tourism purposes. Ensure your passport is valid for at least six months beyond your intended stay. Overstaying can lead to fines or other penalties. oai_citation_attribution:2‡gov.uk

• Citizens of Australia: Australian citizens can visit Mongolia without a visa for stays up to 30 days. Ensure your passport has at least six months’ validity remaining. Overstaying can result in penalties. oai_citation_attribution:3‡en.consul.mn

• Citizens of New Zealand: New Zealand passport holders can enter Mongolia visa-free for up to 30 days. Ensure your passport meets the six-month validity requirement. Overstaying is subject to penalties. oai_citation_attribution:4‡en.consul.mn

Passport Requirements: All travelers must possess a passport valid for at least six months beyond their intended date of entry into Mongolia. Ensure your passport is in good condition and contains at least one blank page for entry and exit stamps. oai_citation_attribution:5‡gov.uk

Visa Requirements: For stays longer than the visa-exempt period or for purposes other than tourism, travelers must apply for the appropriate visa through a Mongolian diplomatic mission prior to arrival. Overstaying without proper authorization can result in fines, detention, and deportation. oai_citation_attribution:6‡gov.uk

Health and Vaccination Requirements: There are no specific vaccination requirements for travelers to Mongolia. However, it’s advisable to be up-to-date with routine vaccinations and consult with a healthcare provider for any additional recommended immunizations before traveling.

Customs Regulations: Mongolia has regulations on the import and export of certain items, including narcotics, firearms, and protected wildlife. There are also restrictions on the amount of alcohol and tobacco products that can be brought into the country. Ensure you are aware of these regulations to avoid penalties.

Additional Tips: Travel insurance covering medical expenses and unforeseen circumstances is highly recommended. Overstaying your visa can result in fines, detention, and deportation; ensure you adhere to the visa conditions and apply for extensions if necessary. Stay updated on entry requirements by consulting official sources, such as the Mongolian Embassy or your country’s foreign affairs department, before traveling. oai_citation_attribution:7‡gov.uk

By Air

Mongolia has one international airport, with flights connecting the country to Russia, China, and a few international destinations.

• Chinggis Khaan International Airport (UBN) – Ulaanbaatar (Only international airport, handles flights from Russia, China, and select international locations)

Direct flights operate from Moscow, Beijing, Seoul, and some regional cities.

• Moscow (SVO) → Ulaanbaatar (UBN) (Aeroflot, MIAT Mongolian Airlines)
• Beijing (PEK) → Ulaanbaatar (UBN) (Air China, MIAT Mongolian Airlines)
• Seoul (ICN) → Ulaanbaatar (UBN) (Korean Air, MIAT Mongolian Airlines)
• Berlin (TXL) → Ulaanbaatar (UBN) (Aeroflot, MIAT Mongolian Airlines)

By Train

There are no international passenger trains to Mongolia from other countries, but there are train connections from Russia and China via the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Trans-Mongolian Railway.

• Moscow (Russia) → Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia) (Trans-Siberian Railway)
• Beijing (China) → Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia) (Trans-Mongolian Railway)

The trains are long and slow, and tickets should be booked in advance, especially during the peak summer months.

By Bus

Mongolia has limited international bus services, with routes primarily from China, Russia, and Kazakhstan.

• Russia → Mongolia (Buses from Moscow to Ulaanbaatar, through the Altai region)
• China → Mongolia (Buses from Beijing to Ulaanbaatar, passing through Erlian)
• Kazakhstan → Mongolia (Buses from Almaty to Ulaanbaatar, through the Zamiin-Uud border)

Overland bus travel can be slow and challenging, especially during the winter months, due to the remote and rugged terrain.

By Car

Driving into Mongolia is possible from Russia, China, and Kazakhstan, but permits are required for foreign vehicles, and road conditions can be difficult. The most common crossings are from Russia and China.

• Russia → Mongolia (Via the Siberian Highway and the Trans-Siberian Road, the most common entry point)
• China → Mongolia (Via Erlian or Zamiin-Uud)
• Kazakhstan → Mongolia (Through the Altai Mountains, remote and less common)

Traveling by car can be difficult due to poor infrastructure in remote areas, so 4x4 vehicles are recommended.

To & From Russia

The Russia-Mongolia border is one of the most frequently used for overland travel, with train and bus options connecting Moscow to Ulaanbaatar.

• Moscow (Russia) → Ulaanbaatar (Train) (Via the Trans-Siberian Railway)
• Moscow (Russia) → Ulaanbaatar (Bus) (Through Altai)

To & From China

The China-Mongolia border is the busiest entry point for travelers. Trains and buses connect Beijing and Ulaanbaatar, with the Trans-Mongolian Railway being the most popular option.

• Beijing (China) → Ulaanbaatar (Train) (Trans-Mongolian Railway, a direct route to Ulaanbaatar)
• Beijing (China) → Ulaanbaatar (Bus) (Via the Erlian border)

To & From Kazakhstan

The Kazakhstan-Mongolia border is less frequently used for international travel, but buses and private cars can cross this remote border.

• Almaty (Kazakhstan) → Ulaanbaatar (Bus) (Via the Altai Mountains, a rough route)

To & From South Korea

There are no direct land connections from South Korea to Mongolia. Travel must be done via China or Russia by train or flight.

Mongolia’s transportation network can be challenging, especially in rural areas, but the country offers a mix of domestic flights, buses, taxis, and shared vehicles to get around. Trains provide a reliable option for traveling between major cities, while car rentals and 4x4s are often necessary for exploring the vast countryside. Public transportation in cities is limited, but taxis and ride-share apps offer alternative means of getting around.

Flights are often delayed and cancelled partly due to frequent poor weather conditions and foreigners pay several times more than Mongolians do for tickets. Overland transport is mainly by shared vans and jeeps as public buses are virtually non-existent, making journeys long, slow and hard on your behind, not too mention there isn’t too much to see. Oh, and expect to break down on the way. Mongolia’s railway is made up of a north-south line, which is part of the Trans-Mongolian Railway. Taxis are only practical in Ulaanbaatar or for short trips out of the city.

Train

Mongolia has a small but functional rail network connecting major cities and towns, especially in the central and northern regions. The trains are operated by Ulaanbaatar Railway (UBZ), with a mix of standard trains and long-distance routes.

• Ulaanbaatar to Moscow (4 days): A scenic and popular route for travelers looking to continue their journey to Russia.
• Ulaanbaatar to Erdenet (6-8 hours): A common route to Mongolia’s second-largest city, known for its mining industry.
• Ulaanbaatar to Darkhan (3 hours): A shorter route connecting the capital to one of Mongolia’s industrial centers.

Train travel is relatively slow, and long-distance trains may have limited amenities, but it is affordable and comfortable for most travelers. The Trans-Siberian Railway also passes through Mongolia, offering a unique travel experience.

Bus

Buses are the most common form of long-distance transport within Mongolia. Local buses operate in cities like Ulaanbaatar, but intercity buses are the primary means of travel between towns and remote regions.

• Ulaanbaatar to Kharkhorin (6-7 hours): A common route to visit the historical city near the ancient capital of the Mongol Empire.
• Ulaanbaatar to Gobi Desert (8-10 hours): A longer journey for those heading into the desert to explore the natural landscapes and ancient sites.
• Ulaanbaatar to Lake Khovsgol (12-14 hours): A long trip to the scenic northern lake, popular for outdoor activities and nature tours.

Buses are generally cheap but can be uncomfortable due to the long distances and bumpy roads. Minivans (shared taxis), known as “marshrutkas,” are also popular for shorter trips and operate similarly to buses, though crowded.

Car Rental

Renting a car is an option for exploring Mongolia’s vast countryside, but it’s not recommended in cities due to limited road infrastructure, traffic congestion, and poorly marked roads. A 4x4 vehicle is essential for traveling through remote regions, especially if you plan on exploring the Gobi Desert or the steppe.

Car rental companies in Ulaanbaatar offer both self-drive and guided tours with a driver. If you’re planning on driving yourself, it’s crucial to have a local map or GPS and be prepared for rough roads, as many rural routes are unpaved or poorly maintained.

Ride Share

In Ulaanbaatar, ride-sharing apps like Bolt and Uber are available, although limited compared to other countries. Taxis are also a convenient option in the city, with fares typically negotiated in advance. For intercity travel, there is no widespread ride-sharing service, but shared taxis or minivans (marshrutkas) can be arranged through hotels or local travel agencies.

Ferries

Mongolia is landlocked and does not have a significant ferry network. However, some small boats operate on Lake Khovsgol and other lakes for tourism purposes, offering scenic boat tours or transport to remote areas of the lake.

Air

Due to the large size of the country and the lack of road infrastructure in remote regions, domestic flights are essential for covering long distances quickly. MIAT Mongolian Airlines and Air Mongolia operate flights between Ulaanbaatar and regional airports. Flights to the Gobi Desert, Khovsgol, and western Mongolia are available for travelers heading to these remote areas.

• Ulaanbaatar to Dalanzadgad (1 hour): A flight to the Gobi Desert region.
• Ulaanbaatar to Khovsgol (1 hour): A popular route for travelers visiting the northern lakes.
• Ulaanbaatar to Bayan-Ulgii (1.5 hours): A flight to the far western region, known for its ethnic Kazakh population and eagle hunting.

Flights are quick and efficient but can be expensive, especially if booked last minute.

Taxis

Taxis in Ulaanbaatar are readily available but are not always metered, so fares should be negotiated in advance or agreed upon before starting the journey. Taxis are often older cars and may not be the most comfortable or reliable option. Ride-sharing apps like Bolt are more reliable and provide a better experience in terms of safety and pricing.

Public Transport in Cities

In Ulaanbaatar, public transportation consists mainly of buses and minivans (marshrutkas) that serve specific routes throughout the city. Public buses are cheap but often crowded, and they are not well-suited for tourists unfamiliar with the routes.

Minivans (marshrutkas) are more flexible, operating on informal routes but offering faster travel in the city. Taxis and ride-sharing apps are usually preferred for convenience and ease of use.

Mongolia offers a range of accommodation options, with a variety of stays that suit different budgets and travel styles. In Ulaanbaatar, the capital, you’ll find a good selection of hotels, hostels, and guesthouses, as well as international chains. In the countryside, particularly in the Gobi Desert or the Mongolian steppes, accommodations are more basic and typically consist of ger camps (traditional yurts), guesthouses, and eco-lodges.

Budget travelers will find affordable hostels and guesthouses in Ulaanbaatar, with prices for dormitory beds and private rooms ranging from very low rates. Luxury travelers can opt for high-end hotels in Ulaanbaatar or exclusive ger camps offering unique experiences. In remote areas, staying with nomadic families in their gers can also offer a great way to experience Mongolian culture.

Accommodation prices in Mongolia are generally lower than in other countries, but availability in remote regions can be limited, especially during peak tourist seasons (July–August). It is recommended to book in advance for tours or in Ulaanbaatar during this time.

Budget Travelers: Hostels and budget guesthouses typically cost around MNT 20,000–60,000 ($7–$25) per night for dormitory beds or private rooms. In Ulaanbaatar, budget hotels range from MNT 40,000–100,000 ($15–$40) per night. Outside of Ulaanbaatar, budget accommodations such as local guesthouses or homestays can be even cheaper.

Mid-Range: A comfortable three-star hotel or ger camp typically costs between MNT 100,000–250,000 ($40–$100) per night. Many of the better mid-range accommodations in Ulaanbaatar offer modern amenities and often include breakfast. Ger camps in tourist regions like the Gobi Desert and Terelj National Park also fall into this price range.

Upscale: Luxury accommodations in Ulaanbaatar start at around MNT 300,000 ($120) per night, with five-star hotels and exclusive ger camps exceeding MNT 600,000 ($240). These options often offer high-end services, including private tours, meals, and transfers to remote areas.

Hotels

Hotels in Mongolia range from budget options in Ulaanbaatar to upscale properties offering modern comforts. Ulaanbaatar has the widest selection, including international chains like the Shangri-La and modern boutique hotels. Outside Ulaanbaatar, hotels are limited, but you’ll find simple accommodations in places like Kharkhorin and the Orkhon Valley. Ger camps in tourist areas also offer lodging with a traditional feel but with added amenities.

Hostels

Hostels in Mongolia are common in Ulaanbaatar, with dormitory beds typically costing MNT 20,000–50,000 ($7–$20) per night. Many hostels cater to backpackers, offering organized tours to the Gobi Desert, the Terelj National Park, and other destinations. Private rooms in hostels range from MNT 30,000–80,000 ($12–$30) per night.

Backpacker

Backpacking in Mongolia is affordable, with dormitory beds and private guesthouses available for MNT 20,000–60,000 ($7–$25) per night. Many backpackers explore Mongolia by joining tours that include transportation, food, and accommodations in ger camps. The Trans-Siberian Railway, which runs through Mongolia, is also a popular route for travelers looking to explore the country.

Flashpacker

Flashpackers will find stylish guesthouses, boutique hotels, and ger camps offering a more comfortable experience for MNT 80,000–250,000 ($30–$100) per night. These stays often include additional services like private tours, cultural experiences, and access to local activities such as horse riding and camel trekking.

Homestays

Homestays are available in rural areas, particularly in nomadic settlements. Prices range from MNT 30,000–100,000 ($12–$40) per night, including meals. Staying with a Mongolian family provides an authentic, immersive cultural experience, often with opportunities to engage in traditional practices like herding, milking, or cooking.

Camping

Camping is possible in Mongolia, particularly in national parks, near lakes, or in remote areas. Many ger camps offer camping facilities with the option to rent tents or stay in their outdoor accommodations. Wild camping is allowed, but it’s important to be respectful of the environment and nomadic communities. Ger camps in tourist regions charge around MNT 60,000–150,000 ($25–$60) per night.

Unique Stays

Mongolia is known for its unique accommodation options, particularly ger camps. These traditional yurts offer a one-of-a-kind experience, often complete with beds, wood-burning stoves, and a cozy atmosphere. Ger camps are especially popular in the Gobi Desert, Terelj National Park, and near national heritage sites. Prices for ger camps range from MNT 60,000–300,000 ($25–$120) per night, depending on the region and level of service. In remote areas, you can also stay with nomadic families in their gers for an authentic and culturally rich experience.

While generally a safe place, Mongolia has a serious problem with alcoholism which often leads to violence. Local driving standards leave a lot to be desired and accidents are frequent, while domestic airlines have a poor safety record. Healthcare facilities in the countryside are extremely rudimentary. Nomads’ dogs may have rabies, while eating marmots at certain time of the year can be risky, as they may carry bubonic plague!

Mongolia is a safe destination for travelers, with low crime rates and welcoming locals. Petty crime, such as pickpocketing and bag snatching, is rare but can occur in crowded areas like Ulaanbaatar, particularly at bus stations, markets, and popular tourist spots. Violent crime is uncommon, but travelers should still exercise caution, especially in more remote areas where help can be far away.

The most significant safety concerns in Mongolia are related to its vast, rugged landscape and extreme weather conditions. Road conditions are poor in many rural areas, with unpaved roads and occasional landmines from past conflicts, making travel difficult and potentially hazardous. While major cities like Ulaanbaatar offer good medical care, healthcare facilities in rural areas are limited. Travelers should take precautions when trekking or engaging in outdoor activities, as weather can change abruptly, and temperatures can drop dramatically, even in summer. Medical facilities are adequate in the capital, but emergencies may require evacuation to neighboring countries.

Scams & Petty Crime: Petty theft is uncommon, but travelers should still be cautious in crowded places. Overcharging by taxi drivers or unofficial guides can occasionally occur in tourist areas. Using registered taxis and official tour services can help avoid such issues.

Political Unrest: Mongolia is politically stable, and protests or demonstrations are rare. Political unrest does not typically affect tourists, but visitors should monitor local news for any developments.

Diseases: There are no major disease risks in Mongolia, but travelers should be cautious about foodborne illnesses, particularly from unregulated street food. The risk of tick-borne diseases and rabies is present, especially in rural areas, so it’s recommended to take precautions against insect bites and to avoid animal contact.

Health Facilities: Medical facilities in Ulaanbaatar are adequate, but they may lack resources found in more developed countries. Rural healthcare is limited, so travel insurance with medical evacuation coverage is strongly recommended.

Road Conditions: Road conditions in urban areas are generally fine, but many rural roads are poorly maintained, unpaved, and sometimes impassable, especially during the rainy season. Drivers should be cautious when traveling in remote areas and ensure their vehicle is equipped for such conditions.

Food & Water: Tap water is generally not safe to drink in Mongolia. Bottled or filtered water is recommended. Food hygiene varies, so eating at busy and reputable establishments is the safest option to avoid foodborne illness.

Nature’s Fury: Mongolia experiences extreme weather, with temperatures in winter reaching below freezing, even in summer. Strong winds and dust storms are common in the Gobi Desert, and sudden weather changes can catch travelers off guard. It’s essential to be prepared for harsh conditions, especially if venturing into remote areas.

Mongolia is an exciting and off-the-beaten-path destination for digital nomads, offering wide-open spaces, stunning natural beauty, and a rich cultural heritage. While its major cities, particularly Ulaanbaatar, have basic infrastructure and growing coworking spaces, Mongolia is still largely underdeveloped compared to neighboring countries. For digital nomads who seek peace, adventure, and unique landscapes, Mongolia offers unparalleled opportunities to connect with nature and experience nomadic traditions.

The challenges? Limited internet infrastructure, high living costs for expats, and restricted visa options for long-term stays. However, for nomads who don’t mind a bit of isolation and are open to adventure, Mongolia offers a truly unique experience.

Coworking spaces are limited but growing. Impact Hub Ulaanbaatar is a central hub for entrepreneurs and remote workers, while other spaces like The Green Coworking Space offer a more affordable and community-oriented environment. Many nomads also work from cafés or shared office spaces, though internet speeds can be inconsistent.

• ulaanbaatar: The capital, offering the best infrastructure, coworking spaces, and a vibrant expat community.
• karim: A peaceful town with beautiful landscapes and traditional nomadic culture, but limited facilities.
• otgontenger: A mountain town for those seeking tranquility, adventure, and a closer connection to nature.

Cost of Living

Mongolia is affordable compared to most Western countries, but expats may face higher prices for imported goods and services.

• Accommodation: $300–$1,000 per month. Ulaanbaatar has the best rental options, while smaller towns offer cheaper living.
• Food: $150–$400 per month. Local food is cheap and fresh, but Western goods are expensive.
• Transportation: $20–$60 per month. Public transportation in Ulaanbaatar is affordable, and taxis are available at reasonable rates.
• Coworking Space: $50–$150 per month. Few options exist in Ulaanbaatar, but they offer decent amenities.
• Leisure & Extras: $50–$200 per month. Includes hiking trips, local entertainment, and cultural events.

Internet and Connectivity

Internet speeds in Mongolia are improving but still inconsistent, especially outside Ulaanbaatar. In the capital, fiber-optic connections offer decent speeds ranging from 20–100 Mbps. Mobile data (MobiCom, Unitel, and G-Mobile) is available, but coverage can be spotty outside of major cities. While Ulaanbaatar has decent Wi-Fi in cafés and coworking spaces, more rural areas often rely on satellite internet or mobile hotspots, which can be slow or expensive.

Community and Networking

Mongolia has a small but growing expat community, particularly in Ulaanbaatar. The country is becoming more popular with entrepreneurs, NGO workers, and those seeking adventure. There are limited networking opportunities compared to more established nomad hubs, but meetups, Facebook groups, and coworking spaces in Ulaanbaatar help remote workers connect.

Health & Wellness

Mongolia is ideal for outdoor lovers, with endless hiking, horseback riding, and nomadic adventures in the vast wilderness. Cities like Ulaanbaatar offer gyms and yoga studios, but fitness options are limited in smaller towns.

Healthcare in Mongolia is basic and affordable, but for serious medical concerns, most expats head to China or South Korea for treatment. Travel insurance or private health insurance is highly recommended for long-term stays.

Long-Term Stay

Renting in Mongolia is relatively inexpensive compared to Western countries, but options are limited outside Ulaanbaatar.

• Condos and Apartments: Modern city apartments in Ulaanbaatar cost $400–$1,000 per month.
• Serviced Apartments: Fully furnished options are available for $600–$1,500 per month.
• Traditional Houses: Basic housing is affordable, starting at $300 per month in smaller cities.
• Airbnb: Available in Ulaanbaatar, but long-term leases with local landlords tend to be cheaper.

Visa Options

Mongolia’s visa system is straightforward but limited for digital nomads.

• Tourist Visa: Most countries can stay in Mongolia for up to 30 days without a visa, with the option to extend for an additional 30 days.
• Business Visa: Can be used for longer stays, but it requires a sponsorship from a Mongolian company.
• Temporary Resident Visa: Available for those who can prove they have a job or a business in Mongolia, but this can be difficult to obtain for remote workers.
• Work Visa: Requires sponsorship from a local employer.
• Long-Term Residency: Mongolia offers permanent residency options after living in the country for a specified number of years, but digital nomads will likely need to pursue other work visas or residency routes.

Mongolian culture is deeply rooted in its nomadic heritage. For centuries, Mongolians have lived in ger (yurts), raised livestock, and followed a traditional lifestyle based on herding and horsemanship. The Mongol Empire, led by Genghis Khan, is one of the most powerful empires in history, and its legacy continues to shape the country today. Traditional arts like throat singing, calligraphy, and carpet weaving remain vital to Mongolian identity.

While Mongolia is predominantly Buddhist, the country has a deep shamanistic tradition that coexists with its major religion. Christianity and Islam are also practiced by small communities.

Food

Mongolian cuisine is heavily influenced by its nomadic lifestyle, with a focus on meat, dairy, and grains. Given the country’s harsh winters, the diet is traditionally hearty, with steamed dumplings, roasted meats, and fermented dairy products making up many meals.

Language

Mongolian is the official language, and it is written in the Cyrillic script (since the 1940s). However, the traditional vertical script is still taught in schools and used in some cultural contexts. While Russian is also spoken due to Mongolia’s historical ties with the Soviet Union, English is increasingly understood in tourist areas and among younger generations.

History

Mongolia’s history is shaped by its nomadic roots, the rise of the Mongol Empire, and a modern struggle for independence and identity. The Mongol Empire, under Genghis Khan, became the largest contiguous empire in history, profoundly influencing much of Asia and Europe. Following centuries of rule by the Qing Dynasty, Mongolia declared independence in the early 20th century and later became a communist state under Soviet influence.

Embassies and Consulates

For visa applications, consular services, and official Mongolian government information, these embassies serve Mongolian nationals abroad and travelers seeking visas:

• Embassy of Mongolia in the United States – Washington, D.C.
• Consulate General of Mongolia in San Francisco – San Francisco, CA
• Honorary Consulate of Mongolia in Chicago – Chicago, IL
• Honorary Consulate of Mongolia in Denver – Denver, CO
• Honorary Consulate of Mongolia in Houston – Houston, TX
• Honorary Consulate of Mongolia in New York – New York, NY
• Honorary Consulate of Mongolia in San Francisco – San Francisco, CA

Note: For countries without a local Mongolian diplomatic mission, please contact the nearest embassy or consulate.

Government Safety Advisories

These government sites provide official travel advisories, safety updates, and entry requirements for Mongolia:

• U.S. State Department - Mongolia Travel Advisory
• Canada Travel Advice - Mongolia
• UK Foreign Travel Advice - Mongolia
• Australia Smartraveller - Mongolia
• New Zealand SafeTravel - Mongolia

Blogs and Forums

These blogs and forums provide insights into traveling, living, and working in Mongolia:

• Mongolia Travel Guide – Offers comprehensive information on destinations, culture, and travel tips.
• Fodor’s - Mongolia – Provides travel advice and recommendations on Mongolia.
• Frommer’s - Mongolia – Offers travel advice and recommendations on Mongolia.
• Wikivoyage - Mongolia – A free, user-contributed travel guide with practical travel tips.

YouTube Channels & Videos

Explore Mongolia through these travel vlogs and documentaries:

• Mongolia Travel Guide - YouTube Channel – Showcases attractions, culture, and events.
• Mongolian Travel Vlogs – Features personal experiences and travel advice.

Instagram Feeds

These Instagram accounts highlight Mongolia’s landscapes, culture, and urban life:

• @discovermongolia – Official tourism account showcasing Mongolia’s beauty.
• @mongoliatravel – Features stunning photos of Mongolia’s nature and adventures.

Newspapers

Stay updated with Mongolia’s latest news through these newspapers:

• The UB Post – Leading newspaper covering national and international news.
• Mongolian News – Provides news on politics, business, and culture.

Other Useful Websites

• Government of Mongolia – Official portal for government services and information.
• Mongolian Tourism – Offers information on attractions, accommodations, and travel tips.
• Mongolian Customs and Etiquette – Provides insights into cultural norms and practices.